PAPER - I
Foundations of Psychology
1. Introduction: Definition of Psychology; Historical antecedents of Psychology
and trends in the 21st century; Psychology and scientific methods; Psychology
in relation to other social sciences and natural sciences; Application of
Psychology to societal problems.
2. Methods of Psychology: Types of research: Descriptive, evaluative, diagnostic
and prognostic; Methods of Research: Survey, observation, case-study and
experiments; Characteristics of experimental design and non-experimental
design, Quasi-experimental designs; Focussed group discussions, brain
storming, grounded theory approach.
3. Research Methods: Major steps in Psychological research (problem
statement, hypothesis formulation, research designs, sampling, tools of data
collection, analysis and interpretation and report writing) Fundamental versus
applied research; Methods of data collection (interview, observation,
questionnaire); Research designs (ex-post facto and experimental);
Application of statistical technique (t - test, two way ANOVA correlation,
regression and factor analysis); Item response theory.
4. Development of Human Behaviour: Growth and development; Principles
of development, Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining
human behaviour; Influence of cultural factors in socialization; Life span
development - Characteristics, development tasks, promoting psychological
well-being across major stages of the life span.
5. Sensation, Attention and Perception: Sensation: concepts of threshold,
absolute and difference thresholds, signal-detection and vigilance; Factors
influencing attention including set and characteristics of stimulus; Definition
and concept of perception, biological factors in perception; Perceptual
organization-influence of past experiences, perceptual defence-factors
influencing space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual
readiness; The plasticity of perception; Extrasensory perception; Culture
and perception, Subliminal perception.
6. Learning: Concept and theories of learning (Behaviourists, Gestaltalist and
Information processing models); The Processes of extinction, discrimination
and generalization; Programmed learning, probability learning, selfinstructional
learning, concepts; Types and the schedules of reinforcement,
escape, avoidance and punishment, modeling and social learning.
7. Memory: Encoding and remembering; Short term memory, Long term
memory, Sensory memory, Iconic memory, Echoic memory: The Multistore
model, levels of processing; Organization and Mnemonic techniques to improve
memory; Theories of forgetting: decay, interference and retrieval failure:
Metamemory; Amnesia: Anterograde and retrograde.
8. Thinking and Problem Solving: Piaget’s theory of cognitive development;
Concept formation processes; Information processing, Reasoning and problem
solving, Facilitating and hindering factors in problem solving, Methods of
problem solving: Creative thinking and fostering creativity; Factors influencing
decision making and judgment; Recent trends.
9. Motivation and Emotion: Psychological and physiological basis of motivation
and emotion; Measurement of motivation and emotion; Effects of motivation
and emotion on behaviour; Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation; Factors
influencing intrinsic motivation; Emotional competence and the related issues.
10. Intelligence and Aptitude: Concept of intelligence and aptitude, Nature
and theories of intelligence - Spearman, Thurstone, Gullford Vernon, Sternberg
and J.P; Das; Emotional Intelligence, Social intelligence, measurement of
intelligence and aptitudes, concept of IQ, deviation IQ, constancy of IQ;
Measurement of multiple intelligence; Fluid intelligence and crystallized
intelligence.
11. Personality: Definition and concept of personality; Theories of personality
(psychoanalytical, socio-cultural, interpersonal, developmental, humanistic,
behaviouristic, trait and type approaches); Measurement of personality
(projective tests, pencil-paper test); The Indian approach to personality;
Training for personality development; Latest approaches like big 5 factor
theory; The notion of self in different traditions.
12. Attitudes, Values and Interests: Definition of attitudes, values and interests;
Components of attitudes; Formation and maintenance of attitudes;
Measurement of attitudes, values and interests; Theories of attitude change;
Strategies for fostering values; Formation of stereotypes and prejudices;
Changing others behaviour; Theories of attribution; Recent trends.
13. Language and Communication: Human language - Properties, structure
and linguistic hierarchy, Language acquisition-predisposition, critical period
hypothesis; Theories of language development - Skinner and Chomsky;
Process and types of communication - effective communication training.
14. Issues and Perspectives in Modern Contemporary Psychology: Computer
application in the psychological laboratory and psychological testing; Artificial
intelligence; Psychocybernetics; Study of consciousness-sleep-wake
schedules; dreams, stimulus deprivation, meditation, hypnotic/drug induced
states; Extrasensory perception; Intersensory perception Simulation studies.
PAPER - II
Psychology: Issues and Applications
1. Psychological Measurement of Individual Differences: The nature of
individual differences; Characteristics and construction of standardized
psychological tests; Types of psychological tests; Use, misuse and limitation
of psychological tests; Ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.
2. Psychological well being and Mental Disorders: Concept of health-ill
health; Positive health, well being; Causal factors in mental disorders (Anxiety
disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia and delusional disorders; personality
disorders, substance abuse disorders); Factors influencing positive health,
well being, life style and quality of life; Happiness disposition.
3. Therapeutic Approaches: Psychodynamic therapies; Behaviour therapies;
Client centered therapy; Cognitive therapies; Indigenous therapies (Yoga,
Meditation); Bio-feedback therapy; Prevention and rehabilitation of the
mentally ill; Fostering mental health.
4. Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour: Personnel selection
and training; Use of psychological tests in the industry; Training and human
resource development; Theories of work motivation – Herzberg, Maslow,
Adam Equity theory, Porter and Lawler, Vroom; Leadership and participatory
management; Advertising and marketing; Stress and its management;
Ergonomics; consumer psychology; Managerial effectiveness;
Transformational leadership; Sensitivity training; Power and politics in
organizations.
5. Application of Psychology to Educational Field: Psychological principles
underlying effective teaching-learning process; Learning styles; Gifted,
retarded, learning disabled and their training; Training for improving memory
and better academic achievement; Personality development and value
education, Educational, vocational guidance and career counseling; Use of
psychological tests in educational institutions; Effective strategies in guidance
programmes.
6. Community Psychology: Definition and concept of community psychology;
Use of small groups in social action; Arousing community consciousness
and action for handling social problems; Group decision making and leadership
for social change; Effective strategies for social change.
7. Rehabilitation Psychology: Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention
programmes-role of psychologists; Organising of services for rehabilitation
of physically, mentally and socially challenged persons including old persons,
Rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse, juvenile delinquency,
criminal behaviour; Rehabilitation of victims of violence, Rehabilitation of
HIV/AIDS victims, the role of social agencies.
8. Application of Psychology to disadvantaged groups: The concepts of
disadvantaged, deprivation; Social, physical, cultural and economic
consequences of disadvantaged and deprived groups; Educating and
motivating the disadvantaged towards development; Relative and prolonged
deprivation.
9. Psychological problems of social integration: The concept of social
integration; The problem of caste, class, religion and language conflicts and
prejudice; Nature and manifestation of prejudice between the in-group and
out-group; Causal factors of social conflicts and prejudices; Psychological
strategies for handling the conflicts and prejudices; Measures to achieve
social integration.
10. Application of Psychology in Information Technology and Mass Media:
The present scenario of information technology and the mass media boom
and the role of psychologists; Selection and training of psychology
professionals to work in the field of IT and mass media; Distance learning
through IT and mass media; Entrepreneurship through e-commerce;
Multilevel marketing; Impact of TV and fostering value through IT and mass
media; Psychological consequences of recent developments in Information
Technology.
11. Psychology and Economic development: Achievement motivation and
economic development; Characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour;
Motivating and training people for entrepreneurship and economic development;
Consumer rights and consumer awareness, Government policies for promotion
of entrepreneurship among youth including women entrepreneurs.
12. Application of psychology to environment and related fields:
Environmental psychology-effects of noise, pollution and crowding; Population
psychology: psychological consequences of population explosion and high
population density; Motivating for small family norm; Impact of rapid scientific
and technological growth on degradation of environment.
13. Application of psychology in other fields:
(a) Military Psychology
Devising psychological tests for defence personnel for use in selection,
Training, counseling; training psychologists to work with defence personnel
in promoting positive health; Human engineering in defence.
(b) Sports Psychology
Psychological interventions in improving performance of athletes and sports.
Persons participating in Individual and Team Games.
(c) Media influences on pro and antisocial behaviour.
(d) Psychology of terrorism.
14. Psychology of Gender: Issues of discrimination, Management of diversity;
Glass ceiling effect, Self fulfilling prophesy, Women and Indian society
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