UPSC Civil Service Examination ZOOLOGY

PAPER – I
1. Non-chordata and Chordata:
(a) Classification  and  relationship  of  various  phyla  up  to  subclasses:
Acoelomate and Coelomate, Protostomes and Deuterostomes, Bilateria
and  Radiata;  Status  of  Protista,  Parazoa,  Onychophora  and
Hemichordata; Symmetry.
(b) Protozoa: Locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, sex; General features
and  life  history  of Paramaecium, Monocystis,  Plasmodium  and
Leishmania.
(c) Porifera: Skeleton, canal system and reproduction.
(d) Cnidaria: Polymorphism, defensive structures and their mechanism;
coral reefs and their formation; metagenesis; general features and
life history of Obelia and Aurelia.
(e) Platyhelminthes: Parasitic adaptation; general features and life history
of Fasciola and Taenia and their pathogenic symptoms.
(f) Nemathelminthes: General features, life history, parasitic adaptation
of Ascaris and Wuchereria.
(g) Annelida:  Coelom and metamerism; modes of life in polychaetes;
general features and life history of Nereis, earthworm and leach.
(h) Arthropoda:  Larval forms and parasitism in Crustacea; vision and
respiration  in  arthropods  (Prawn,  cockroach  and  scorpion);
modification of mouth parts in insects (cockroach, mosquito, housefly,
honey bee and butterfly); metamorphosis in insect and its hormonal
regulation, social behaviour of Apis and termites.
(i) Mollusca:  Feeding, respiration, locomotion, general features and life
history  of  Lamellidens, Pila  and Sepia,  torsion  and  detorsion  in
gastropods.
(j) Echinodermata:  Feeding, respiration, locomotion, larval forms, general
features and life history of Asterias.
(k) Protochordata:  Origin of chordates; general features and life history
of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.
(l) Pisces:  Respiration, locomotion and migration.
(m)    Amphibia:  Origin of tetrapods, parental care, paedomorphosis.
(n) Reptilia;  Origin of reptiles, skull types, status of Sphenodon and
crocodiles.
(o) Aves:  Origin of birds, flight adaptation, migration.
(p) Mammalia:  Origin of mammals, dentition, general features of egg
laying mammals,  pouched-mammals,  aquatic mammals  and
primates, endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal,
pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.

(q) Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates
(integument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, locomotory organs,
digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including
heart and aortic arches, urino-genital system, brain and sense organs
(eye and ear).
2. Ecology:
(a) Biosphere:  Concept of biosphere; biomes, Biogeochemical cycles,
Human induced changes in atmosphere including green house effect,
ecological succession, biomes and ecotones, community ecology.
(b) Concept of ecosystem; structure and function of ecosystem, types
of ecosystem, ecological succession, ecological adaptation.
(c) Population;  characteristics,  population  dynamics,  population
stabilization.
(d) Biodiversity and diversity conservation of natural resources.
(e) Wildlife of India.
(f) Remote sensing for sustainable development.
(g) Environmental biodegradation, pollution and its impact on biosphere
and its prevention.
3. Ethology:
(a) Behaviour: Sensory filtering, reponsiveness, sign stimuli, learning and
memory, instinct, habituation, conditioning, imprinting.
(b) Role of hormones in drive; role of pheromones in alarm spreading;
crypsis, predator detection, predator tactics, social hierarchies in
primates, social organization in insects.
(c) Orientation, navigation, homing, biological rhythms, biological clock,
tidal, seasonal and circadian rhythms.
(d) Methods of studying animal behaviour  including sexual conflict,
selfishness, kinship and altruism.
4. Economic Zoology:
(a) Apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, carp culture, pearl culture, prawn
culture, vermiculture.
(b) Major  infectious  and  communicable  diseases  (malaria,  filaria,
tuberculosis,  cholera  and AIDS)  their  vectors,  pathogens  and
prevention.
(c) Cattle and livestock diseases, their pathogen (helminthes) and vectors
(ticks, mites, Tabanus, Stomoxys).
(d) Pests of sugar cane (Pyrilla perpusiella) oil seed (Achaea janata)
and rice (Sitophilus oryzae).
(e) Transgenic animals.
(f) Medical  biotechnology,  human  genetic  disease  and  genetic

counselling, gene therapy.
(g) Forensic biotechnology.
5. Biostatistics:
Designing  of  experiments;  null  hypothesis;  correlation,  regression,
distribution and measure of central tendency, chi square, student-test, Ftest
 (one-way & two-way F-test).
6. Instrumentation Methods:
(a) Spectrophotometer, phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy,
radioactive tracer, ultra centrifuge, gel electrophoresis, PCR, ELISA,
FISH and chromosome painting.
(b) Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM).
PAPER - II
1. Cell Biology:
(a) Structure and function of cell and its organelles (nucleus, plasma
membrane, mitochondria, Golgi  bodies,  endoplasmic  reticulum,
ribosomes, and lysosomes), cell division (mitosis and meiosis), mitotic
spindle  and mitotic  apparatus,  chromosome movements,
chromosome type polytene and lambrush, organization of chromatin,
heterochromatin, Cell cycle regulation.
(b) Nucleic acid topology, DNA motif, DNA replication, transcription, RNA
processing, translation, protein foldings and transport.
2. Genetics:
(a) Modern concept of gene, split gene, genetic regulation, genetic code.
(b) Sex chromosomes and their evolution, sex determination in Drosophila
and man.
(c) Mendel’s laws of inheritance, recombination, linkage, multiple alleles,
genetics of blood groups, pedigree analysis, hereditary diseases in
man.
(d) Mutations and mutagenesis.
(e) Recombinant  DNA  technology;  plasmid,  cosmid,  artificial
chromosomes as vectors, transgenic, DNA cloning and whole animal
cloning (principles and methods).
(f) Gene regulation and expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(g) Signal molecules,  cell  death,  defects  in  signaling  pathway  and
consequences.
(h) RFLP, RAPD and AFLP and application of RFLP in DNA finger printing,
ribozyme  technologies,  human  genome  project,  genomics  and
protomics.
3. Evolution:
(a) Theories of origin of life.

(b) Theories of evolution;  Natural selection, role of mutations in evolution,
evolutionary patterns, molecular drive, mimicry, variation, isolation
and speciation.
(c) Evolution of horse, elephant and man using fossil data.
(d) Hardy-Weinberg Law.
(e) Continental drift and distribution of animals.
4. Systematics: Zoological nomenclature, international code, cladistics,
molecular taxonomy and biodiversity.
5. Biochemistry:
(a) Structure and role of carbohydrates, fats, fatty acids and cholesterol,
proteins and amino-acids, nucleic acids.  Bioenergetics.
b) Glycolysis  and Kreb  cycle,  oxidation  and  reduction,  oxidative
phosphorylation, energy conservation and release, ATP cycle, cyclic
AMP – its structure and role.
(c) Hormone classification (steroid and peptide hormones), biosynthesis
and functions.
(d) Enzymes: types and mechanisms of action.
(e)  Vitamins and co-enzymes
(f) Immunoglobulin and immunity.
6. Physiology (with special reference to mammals):
(a) Composition and constituents of blood; blood groups and Rh factor
in man, factors and mechanism of coagulation, iron metabolism, acidbase
 balance, thermo-regulation, anticoagulants.
(b) Haemoglobin:  Composition, types and role in transport of oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
(c) Digestion and absorption:  Role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas
and intestinal glands.
(d) Excretion: nephron and regulation of urine formation; osmo-regulation
and excretory product
(e) Muscles: Types, mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscles, effects
of exercise on muscles.
(f) Neuron:  nerve impulse – its conduction and synaptic transmission,
neurotransmitters.
(g) Vision, hearing and olfaction in man.
(h) Physiology of reproduction, puberty and menopause in human.
7. Developmental Biology:
(a) Gametogenesis; spermatogenesis, composition of semen, in vitro
and in vivo capacitation of mammalian sperm, Oogenesis, totipotency;
fertilization, morphogenesis  and morphogen,  blastogenesis,
establishment of body axes formation, fate map, gestulation in frog

and  chick;  genes  in  development  in  chick,  homeotic  genes,
development of eye and heart, placenta in mammals.
(b) Cell  lineage,  cell-to  cell  interaction, Genetic  and  induced
teratogenesis,  role  of  thyroxine  in  control  of metamorphosis  in
amphibia, paedogenesis and neoteny, cell death, aging.
(c) Developmental genes in man, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,
cloning.
(d) Stem cells: Sources, types and their use in human welfare.
(e) Biogenetic law.

UPSC Civil Service Examination STATISTICS

PAPER - I
1. Probability:
Sample space and events, probability measure and probability space, random variable
as a measurable function, distribution function of a random variable, discrete and
continuous-type random variable, probability mass function, probability density function,
vector-valued random variable, marginal and conditional distributions, stochastic
independence of events and of random variables, expectation and moments of a
random variable, conditional expectation, convergence of a sequence of random variable
in distribution, in probability, in p-th mean and almost everywhere, their criteria and
inter-relations,  Chebyshev’s inequality and Khintchine‘s weak law of large numbers,
strong law of large numbers and Kolmogoroff’s theorems, probability generating function,
moment generating function, characteristic function, inversion theorem,  Linderberg
and Levy forms of central limit theorem, standard discrete and continuous probability
distributions.
2. Statistical Inference:
Consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency, sufficiency, completeness, ancillary statistics,
factorization theorem, exponential family of distribution and its properties, uniformly
minimum variance unbiased (UMVU) estimation, Rao-Blackwell and Lehmann-Scheffe
theorems, Cramer-Rao inequality for single parameter. Estimation by methods of
moments, maximum likelihood, least squares, minimum chi-square and modified
minimum  chi-square,  properties  of maximum  likelihood  and  other  estimators,
asymptotic efficiency, prior and posterior distributions, loss function, risk function,
and minimax estimator. Bayes estimators.
Non-randomised and randomised tests, critical function, MP tests, Neyman-Pearson
lemma, UMP tests, monotone likelihood ratio, similar and unbiased tests, UMPU
tests  for  single  parameter    likelihood  ratio  test  and  its  asymptotic  distribution.
Confidence bounds and its relation with tests.
Kolmogoroff’s test for goodness of fit and its consistency, sign test and its optimality.
Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and its consistency, Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample
test, run test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and median test, their consistency and
asymptotic normality.
Wald’s SPRT and its properties, OC and ASN functions for tests regarding parameters
for Bernoulli, Poisson, normal and exponential distributions. Wald’s fundamental identity.
3. Linear Inference and Multivariate Analysis:
Linear statistical models’, theory of least squares and analysis of variance, Gauss-
Markoff theory, normal equations, least squares estimates and their precision, test of
significance and interval estimates based on least squares theory in one-way, twoway
 and three-way classified data, regression analysis, linear regression, curvilinear
regression and orthogonal polynomials, multiple regression, multiple and partial
correlations, estimation of variance and covariance components, multivariate normal
distribution, Mahalanobis-D2 and Hotelling’s T2 statistics and their applications and

properties, discriminant analysis, canonical correlations,  principal component analysis.
4. Sampling Theory and Design of Experiments:
An outline of fixed-population and super-population approaches, distinctive features
of finite population sampling, probability sampling designs, simple random sampling
with and without replacement, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling and
its efficacy , cluster sampling, two-stage and multi-stage sampling, ratio and regression
methods of estimation involving one or more auxiliary variables, two-phase sampling,
probability proportional to size sampling with and without replacement, the Hansen-
Hurwitz and the Horvitz-Thompson estimators, non-negative variance estimation with
reference to the Horvitz-Thompson estimator, non-sampling errors.
Fixed effects model (two-way classification) random and mixed effects models (twoway
 classification with equal observation per cell), CRD, RBD, LSD and their analyses,
incomplete block designs, concepts of orthogonality and balance, BIBD, missing plot
technique, factorial experiments and 2n and 32, confounding in factorial experiments,
split-plot and simple lattice designs, transformation of data Duncan’s multiple range
test.
PAPER - II
1. Industrial Statistics:
Process and product control, general theory of control charts, different types of control
charts for variables and attributes, X, R, s, p, np and c charts, cumulative sum chart.
Single, double, multiple and sequential sampling plans for attributes, OC, ASN, AOQ
and ATI curves, concepts of producer’s and consumer’s risks, AQL, LTPD and AOQL,
Sampling plans for variables, Use of Dodge-Roming tables.
Concept of reliability, failure rate and reliability functions, reliability of series and parallel
systems and other simple configurations, renewal density and renewal function, Failure
models: exponential, Weibull, normal , lognormal.
Problems in life testing, censored and truncated experiments for exponential models.
2. Optimization Techniques:
Different types of models in Operations Research, their construction and general
methods of solution, simulation and Monte-Carlo methods  formulation of  linear
programming (LP) problem, simple LP model and its graphical solution, the simplex
procedure, the two-phase method and the M-technique with artificial variables, the
duality theory of LP and its economic interpretation, sensitivity analysis, transportation
and assignment problems, rectangular games, two-person zero-sum games, methods
of solution (graphical and algebraic).
Replacement of failing or deteriorating items, group and individual replacement policies,
concept of scientific inventory management and analytical structure of inventory
problems, simple models with deterministic and stochastic demand with and without
lead time, storage models with particular reference to dam type.
Homogeneous discrete-time Markov chains, transition probability matrix, classification
of states and ergodic theorems, homogeneous continuous-time Markov chains, Poisson

process, elements of queuing theory, M/M/1, M/M/K, G/M/1 and M/G/1 queues.
Solution of statistical problems on computers using well-known statistical software
packages like SPSS.
3. Quantitative Economics and Official Statistics:
Determination of trend, seasonal and cyclical components, Box-Jenkins method,
tests for stationary series, ARIMA models and determination of orders of autoregressive
and moving average components, forecasting.
Commonly used  index numbers-Laspeyre’s, Paasche’s and Fisher’s  ideal  index
numbers, chain-base index number, uses and limitations of index numbers, index
number of wholesale prices, consumer prices, agricultural production and industrial
production, test for index numbers - proportionality, time-reversal, factor-reversal and
circular .
General linear model, ordinary least square and generalized least squares methods
of  estimation,  problem  of multicollinearity,  consequences  and  solutions  of
multicollinearity,  autocorrelation  and  its  consequences,  heteroscedasticity  of
disturbances and its testing, test for independence of disturbances, concept of structure
and model  for simultaneous equations, problem of  identification-rank and order
conditions of identifiability, two-stage least square method of estimation.
Present official statistical system in India relating to population, agriculture, industrial
production, trade and prices, methods of collection of official statistics, their reliability
and  limitations,  principal  publications containing  such  statistics,  various  official
agencies responsible for data collection and their main functions.
4. Demography and Psychometry:
Demographic data from census, registration, NSS other surveys, their limitations and
uses, definition, construction and uses of vital rates and ratios, measures of fertility,
reproduction rates, morbidity rate, standardized death rate, complete and abridged
life tables, construction of life tables from vital statistics and census returns, uses of
life tables, logistic and other population growth curves, fitting a logistic curve, population
projection, stable population, quasi-stable population,  techniques in estimation of
demographic parameters, standard classification by cause of death, health surveys
and use of hospital statistics.
Methods of standardisation of scales and tests, Z-scores, standard scores, T-scores,
percentile scores, intelligence quotient and its measurement and uses, validity and
reliability of test scores and its determination, use of factor analysis and path analysis
in psychometry.

UPSC Civil Service Examination SOCIOLOGY

PAPER - I
FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY
1.  Sociology - The Discipline:
(a) Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.
(b)  Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
(c) Sociology and common sense.
2. Sociology as Science:
(a) Science, scientific method and critique.
(b)  Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
(c) Positivism and its critique.
(d)  Fact value and objectivity.
(e)  Non- positivist methodologies.
3.  Research Methods and Analysis:
(a) Qualitative and quantitative methods.
(b)  Techniques of data collection.
(c) Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.
4.  Sociological Thinkers:
(a)  Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class
struggle.
(b)  Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.
(c)  Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant
ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
(d)  Talcolt Parsons-   Social system, pattern variables.
(e)  Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and  deviance,
reference groups
(f)  Mead   - Self and identity.
5. Stratification and Mobility:
(a)  Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and  deprivation
(b)  Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory,
Weberian theory.
(c)  Dimensions – Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity
and race.
(d)  Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and
causes of mobility.
6.  Works and Economic Life:
(a)       Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society,  feudal
society, industrial /capitalist society.
(b)       Formal and informal organization of work

(c)       Labour and society.
7.  Politics and Society:
(a)        Sociological theories of power
(b)        Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
(c)        Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
(d)        Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
8.  Religion and Society:
(a)       Sociological theories of religion.
(b)       Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
(c)       Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious
revivalism, fundamentalism.
9. Systems of Kinship:
(a)        Family, household, marriage.
(b)        Types and forms of family.
(c)         Lineage and descent
(d)         Patriarchy and sexual division of labour
(e)         Contemporary trends.
10.  Social Change in Modern Society:
(a)        Sociological theories of social change.
(b)        Development and dependency.
(c)        Agents of social change.
(d)        Education and social change.
(e)        Science, technology and social change.
PAPER - II
INDIAN SOCIETY : STRUCTURE AND CHANGE
A. Introducing Indian Society:
(i) Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
(a)  Indology  (GS. Ghurye).
(b)  Structural functionalism  (M N Srinivas).
(c)  Marxist sociology  ( A R Desai).
(ii) Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :
(a)  Social background of Indian nationalism.
(b)  Modernization of Indian tradition.
(c)  Protests and movements during the colonial period.
(d)  Social reforms
B.  Social Structure:
(i)  Rural and Agrarian Social Structure:
(a)  The idea of Indian village and village studies

(b)  Agrarian social structure -
evolution of land tenure system,
land reforms.
(ii)  Caste System:
(a)  Perspectives on  the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas,
Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
(b)  Features of caste system.
(c)  Untouchability - forms and perspectives
(iii) Tribal communities in India:
(a)  Definitional problems.
(b)  Geographical spread.
(c)  Colonial policies and tribes.
(d)  Issues of integration and autonomy.
(iv) Social Classes in India:
(a)  Agrarian class structure.
(b)  Industrial class structure.
(c)  Middle classes in India.
(v) Systems of Kinship in India:
(a)  Lineage and descent in India.
(b)  Types of kinship systems.
(c)  Family and marriage in India.
(d)  Household dimensions of the family.
(e)  Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour.
(vi)  Religion and Society:
(a)  Religious communities in India.
(b)  Problems of religious minorities.
C.        Social Changes in India:
(i) Visions of Social Change in India:
(a)  Idea of development planning and mixed economy.
(b)  Constitution, law and social change.
(c)  Education and social change.
(ii) Rural and Agrarian transformation in India:
(a)  Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme,
cooperatives, poverty alleviation schemes.
(b)  Green revolution and social change.
(c)  Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture .
(d)  Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.
(iii) Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:

(a)  Evolution of modern industry in India.
(b)  Growth of urban settlements in India.
(c)  Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
(d)  Informal sector, child labour
(e)  Slums and deprivation in urban areas.
(iv) Politics and Society:
(a)  Nation, democracy and citizenship.
(b)  Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite.
(c)  Regionalism and decentralization of power.
(d)  Secularization
(v) Social Movements in Modern India:
(a)  Peasants and farmers movements.
(b)  Women’s movement.
(c)  Backward classes & Dalit movement.
(d)  Environmental movements.
(e)  Ethnicity and Identity movements.
(vi) Population Dynamics:
(a)  Population size, growth, composition and distribution.
(b)  Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
(c)  Population policy and family planning.
(d)  Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive
health.
(vii) Challenges of Social Transformation:
(a)  Crisis  of  development:  displacement,  environmental  problems  and
sustainability.
(b)  Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
(c)  Violence against women.
(d)  Caste conflicts.
(e)  Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
(f)  Illiteracy and disparities in education.

UPSC Civil Service - Examination Public administration

PAPER – I
Administrative Theory
1.        Introduction: Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration;
Wilson’s vision of Public Administration;  Evolution of the discipline and its
present  status;   New  Public Administration;    Public Choice  approach;
Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation;  Good Governance:
concept and application;  New Public Management.
2.  Administrative Thought: Scientific Management and Scientific Management
movement; Classical Theory; Weber’s bureaucratic model – its critique and
post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett);
Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others);  Functions of the Executive
(C.I. Barnard); Simon’s decision-making theory; Participative Management
(R. Likert, C.Argyris, D.McGregor).
3.        Administrative Behaviour: Process and techniques of decision-making;
Communication; Morale; Motivation  Theories  –  content,  process  and
contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern.
4.        Organisations: Theories  –  systems,  contingency; Structure  and  forms:
Ministries  and Departments,  Corporations, Companies,  Boards  and
Commissions; Ad  hoc  and  advisory  bodies; Headquarters  and Field
relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public - Private Partnerships.
5.        Accountability  and  control: Concepts  of  accountability  and  control;
Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration; Citizen and
Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil
society; Citizen’s Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.
6.        Administrative  Law:   Meaning,  scope  and  significance; Dicey  on
Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.
7.        Comparative Public Administration:  Historical and sociological factors
affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics  in different
countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and
administration; Riggsian models and their critique.
8.        Development Dynamics: Concept of development; Changing profile of
development administration; ‘Anti-development thesis’; Bureaucracy and
development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation
on administration in developing countries; Women and development - the
self-help group movement.
9.        Personnel Administration: Importance of human resource development;
Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline,
performance appraisal, promotion, pay and service conditions; employeremployee
  relations,  grievance  redressal mechanism; Code  of  conduct;
Administrative ethics.

10.      Public Policy: Models of policy-making and  their critique; Processes of
conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review
and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation.
11.      Techniques of Administrative Improvement: Organisation and methods,
Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology;
Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.
12.      Financial Administration: Monetary and fiscal policies;  Public borrowings
and public debt Budgets  - types and forms;  Budgetary process;  Financial
accountability; Accounts and audit.
PAPER - II
Indian Administration
1.         Evolution  of  Indian Administration: Kautilya’s Arthashastra; Mughal
administration;    Legacy  of British  rule  in  politics  and  administration  -
Indianization of public services, revenue administration, district administration,
local self-government.
2.        Philosophical and Constitutional  framework of government: Salient
features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy
and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.
3.        Public Sector Undertakings: Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public
Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability and control;
Impact of liberalization and privatization.
4.        Union Government and Administration: Executive, Parliament, Judiciary -
structure, functions, work processes; Recent  trends;    Intragovernmental
relations;  Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister’s Office; Central Secretariat;
Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field
organizations.
5.        Plans and Priorities: Machinery of planning;  Role, composition and functions
of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council;  ‘Indicative’
planning;  Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels;  Constitutional
Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development
and social justice.
6.        State Government  and Administration: Union-State  administrative,
legislative and financial relations;  Role of the Finance Commission;  Governor;
Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat;
Directorates.
7.        District Administration since Independence: Changing role of the Collector;
Union-state-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law
and  order  administration;  District  administration  and  democratic
decentralization.
8.        Civil Services: Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and

capacity-building;  Good governance initiatives;  Code of conduct and discipline;
Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil
service neutrality; Civil service activism.
9.        Financial Management:  Budget as a political instrument;  Parliamentary
control of public expenditure;  Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal
area;  Accounting techniques; Audit;  Role of Controller General of Accounts
and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
10.      Administrative Reforms since Independence: Major concerns; Important
Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human
resource development; Problems of implementation.
11.      Rural Development:  Institutions and agencies since independence; Rural
development  programmes:    foci  and  strategies; Decentralization  and
Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.
12.      Urban Local Government:  Municipal governance:  main features, structures,
finance and problem areas;  74th Constitutional Amendment;  Global-local
debate; New localism;  Development dynamics, politics and administration
with special reference to city management.
13.      Law and Order Administration: British legacy;  National Police Commission;
Investigative agencies; Role of central and state agencies including paramilitary
forces  in maintenance of  law and order and countering  insurgency and
terrorism;   Criminalisation  of  politics  and  administration;   Police-public
relations;  Reforms in Police.
14.      Significant  issues  in  Indian Administration: Values  in public service;
Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of
administration in coalition regimes; Citizen-administration interface; Corruption
and administration;   Disaster management.

UPSC Civil Service Examination - Psychology

PAPER - I
Foundations of Psychology
1. Introduction:  Definition of Psychology; Historical antecedents of Psychology
and trends in the 21st century; Psychology and scientific methods;  Psychology
in relation to other social sciences and natural sciences;   Application of
Psychology to societal problems.
2. Methods of Psychology: Types of research: Descriptive, evaluative, diagnostic
and prognostic; Methods of Research: Survey, observation, case-study and
experiments; Characteristics of experimental design and non-experimental
design, Quasi-experimental designs; Focussed group discussions, brain
storming, grounded theory approach.
3. Research Methods: Major  steps  in  Psychological  research  (problem
statement, hypothesis formulation, research designs, sampling, tools of data
collection, analysis and interpretation and report writing)  Fundamental versus
applied  research;   Methods  of  data  collection  (interview,  observation,
questionnaire);   Research  designs  (ex-post  facto  and  experimental);
Application of statistical technique (t -  test, two way ANOVA correlation,
regression and factor analysis);  Item response theory.
4. Development of Human Behaviour: Growth and development; Principles
of development, Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining
human behaviour;  Influence of cultural factors in socialization; Life span
development  -  Characteristics, development tasks, promoting psychological
well-being across major stages of the life span.
5. Sensation, Attention and Perception: Sensation: concepts of threshold,
absolute and difference thresholds, signal-detection and vigilance; Factors
influencing attention including set and characteristics of stimulus;    Definition
and concept of perception, biological  factors  in perception;   Perceptual
organization-influence  of  past  experiences,  perceptual  defence-factors
influencing  space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual
readiness;  The plasticity of perception;  Extrasensory perception;  Culture
and perception, Subliminal perception.
6. Learning: Concept and theories of learning (Behaviourists, Gestaltalist and
Information processing models); The Processes of extinction, discrimination
and  generalization;  Programmed  learning,  probability  learning,  selfinstructional
 learning, concepts; Types and the schedules of reinforcement,
escape, avoidance and punishment, modeling and social learning.
7. Memory: Encoding and  remembering;   Short  term memory, Long  term
memory, Sensory memory, Iconic memory, Echoic memory:  The Multistore
model, levels of processing; Organization and Mnemonic techniques to improve
memory;  Theories of forgetting:  decay, interference and retrieval failure:
Metamemory;  Amnesia:  Anterograde and retrograde.

8. Thinking and Problem Solving: Piaget’s theory of cognitive development;
Concept formation processes;  Information processing, Reasoning and problem
solving, Facilitating and hindering factors in problem solving, Methods of
problem solving:  Creative thinking and fostering creativity;  Factors influencing
decision making and judgment;  Recent trends.
9.         Motivation and Emotion: Psychological and physiological basis of motivation
and emotion; Measurement of motivation and emotion; Effects of motivation
and  emotion  on  behaviour; Extrinsic  and  intrinsic motivation;  Factors
influencing intrinsic motivation; Emotional competence and the related issues.
10. Intelligence and Aptitude: Concept of intelligence and aptitude, Nature
and theories of intelligence  -  Spearman, Thurstone, Gullford Vernon, Sternberg
and J.P; Das;  Emotional Intelligence, Social intelligence, measurement of
intelligence and aptitudes, concept of IQ, deviation IQ, constancy of IQ;
Measurement of multiple  intelligence; Fluid intelligence and crystallized
intelligence.
11. Personality: Definition and concept of personality;  Theories of personality
(psychoanalytical, socio-cultural, interpersonal, developmental, humanistic,
behaviouristic, trait and  type approaches);  Measurement of personality
(projective tests, pencil-paper test);  The Indian approach to personality;
Training for personality development;  Latest approaches like big 5 factor
theory;  The notion of self in different traditions.
12. Attitudes, Values and Interests:  Definition of attitudes, values and interests;
Components  of  attitudes;    Formation  and maintenance  of  attitudes;
Measurement of attitudes, values and interests;  Theories of attitude change;
Strategies for fostering values;  Formation of stereotypes and prejudices;
Changing others behaviour; Theories of attribution;  Recent trends.
13. Language and Communication: Human language - Properties, structure
and linguistic hierarchy, Language acquisition-predisposition, critical period
hypothesis;  Theories of language development  -  Skinner and Chomsky;
Process and types of communication  -  effective communication training.
14. Issues and Perspectives in Modern Contemporary Psychology: Computer
application in the psychological laboratory and psychological testing;  Artificial
intelligence;    Psychocybernetics;    Study  of  consciousness-sleep-wake
schedules; dreams, stimulus deprivation, meditation, hypnotic/drug induced
states;  Extrasensory perception;  Intersensory perception Simulation studies.
PAPER - II
Psychology:  Issues and Applications
1. Psychological Measurement of Individual Differences: The nature of
individual differences;  Characteristics and construction of standardized
psychological tests;  Types of psychological tests;  Use, misuse and limitation
of psychological tests;  Ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.
2. Psychological well being and Mental Disorders: Concept of health-ill

health; Positive health, well being;  Causal factors in mental disorders (Anxiety
disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia and delusional disorders; personality
disorders, substance abuse disorders);  Factors influencing positive health,
well being, life style and quality of life;  Happiness disposition.
3. Therapeutic Approaches: Psychodynamic therapies;  Behaviour therapies;
Client centered therapy;  Cognitive therapies; Indigenous therapies (Yoga,
Meditation); Bio-feedback  therapy;   Prevention and rehabilitation of  the
mentally ill;  Fostering mental health.
4. Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour: Personnel selection
and training;  Use of psychological tests in the industry;  Training and human
resource development;  Theories of work motivation – Herzberg, Maslow,
Adam Equity theory, Porter and Lawler, Vroom; Leadership and participatory
management;  Advertising and marketing;   Stress and  its management;
Ergonomics;  consumer  psychology;  Managerial  effectiveness;
Transformational  leadership; Sensitivity  training; Power  and  politics  in
organizations.
5. Application of Psychology to Educational Field: Psychological principles
underlying  effective  teaching-learning  process;  Learning  styles; Gifted,
retarded, learning disabled and their training;  Training for improving memory
and better academic achievement;  Personality development and value
education, Educational, vocational guidance and career counseling;  Use of
psychological tests in educational institutions;  Effective strategies in guidance
programmes.
6. Community Psychology: Definition and concept of community psychology;
Use of small groups in social action;  Arousing community consciousness
and action for handling social problems;  Group decision making and leadership
for social change;  Effective strategies for social change.
7. Rehabilitation Psychology: Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention
programmes-role of psychologists;  Organising of services for rehabilitation
of physically, mentally and socially challenged persons including old persons,
Rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse, juvenile delinquency,
criminal behaviour;  Rehabilitation of victims of violence, Rehabilitation of
HIV/AIDS victims, the role of social agencies.
8. Application of Psychology to disadvantaged groups: The concepts of
disadvantaged,  deprivation;    Social,  physical,  cultural  and  economic
consequences  of  disadvantaged  and  deprived  groups;   Educating  and
motivating the disadvantaged towards development;  Relative and prolonged
deprivation.
9. Psychological problems of social integration: The concept of social
integration;  The problem of caste, class, religion and language conflicts and
prejudice;  Nature and manifestation of prejudice between the in-group and
out-group;  Causal factors of social conflicts and prejudices;  Psychological

strategies for handling the conflicts and prejudices;  Measures to achieve
social integration.
10. Application of Psychology in Information Technology and Mass Media:
The present scenario of information technology and the mass media boom
and  the  role  of  psychologists;    Selection  and  training  of  psychology
professionals to work in the field of IT and mass media;  Distance learning
through  IT  and mass media;    Entrepreneurship  through  e-commerce;
Multilevel marketing;  Impact of TV and fostering value through IT and mass
media;  Psychological consequences of recent developments in Information
Technology.
11. Psychology and Economic development:  Achievement motivation and
economic  development;   Characteristics  of  entrepreneurial  behaviour;
Motivating and training people for entrepreneurship and economic development;
Consumer rights and consumer awareness, Government policies for promotion
of entrepreneurship among youth including women entrepreneurs.
12. Application  of  psychology  to  environment  and  related  fields:
Environmental psychology-effects of noise, pollution and crowding; Population
psychology: psychological consequences of population explosion and high
population density; Motivating for small family norm; Impact of rapid scientific
and technological growth on degradation of environment.
13. Application of psychology in other fields:
(a)  Military Psychology
Devising psychological tests for defence personnel for use in selection,
Training, counseling; training psychologists to work with defence personnel
in promoting positive health;  Human engineering in defence.
(b) Sports Psychology
Psychological interventions in improving performance of athletes and sports.
Persons participating in Individual and Team Games.
(c) Media influences on pro and antisocial behaviour.
(d) Psychology of terrorism.
14. Psychology of Gender: Issues of discrimination, Management of diversity;
Glass ceiling effect, Self fulfilling prophesy, Women and Indian society

UPSC syllabus for civil services exam political science and international relations

PAPER - I
Political Theory and Indian Politics:
1.  Political Theory: meaning and approaches.
2.  Theories of the State:  Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluralist, Post-colonial
and feminist.
3.  Justice: Conceptions of justice with special reference to Rawl’s theory of
justice and its communitarian critiques.
4.  Equality: Social, political and economic; relationship between equality and
freedom; Affirmative action.
5. Rights: Meaning and theories; different kinds of rights; concept of Human
Rights.
6.  Democracy: Classical and contemporary theories; different models
of democracy – representative, participatory and deliberative.
7. Concept of power, hegemony, ideology and legitimacy.
8.  Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism
and Feminism.
9.  Indian Political Thought  : Dharamshastra, Arthashastra  and Buddhist
traditions;   Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Sri Aurobindo,   M.K. Gandhi, B.R.
Ambedkar, M.N. Roy .
10.  Western Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John
S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt.
Indian Government and Politics:
1.  Indian Nationalism:
(a) Political Strategies of India’s Freedom Struggle: Constitutionalism to mass
Satyagraha, Non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience; Militant and revolutionary
movements, Peasant and workers’ movements.
(b) Perspectives on Indian National Movement: Liberal, Socialist and Marxist;
Radical humanist and Dalit.
2.  Making of the Indian Constitution: Legacies of the British rule; different social
and political perspectives.
3.  Salient Features of the Indian Constitution: The Preamble, Fundamental Rights
and Duties, Directive Principles; Parliamentary System and  Amendment
Procedures; Judicial Review and Basic Structure doctrine.
4.  (a) Principal Organs of the Union Government: Envisaged role and actual working
of  the Executive, Legislature and Supreme Court.
(b) Principal Organs of the State Government: Envisaged role and actual working
of the Executive, Legislature and High Courts.
5.  Grassroots  Democracy: Panchayati Raj  and Municipal Government;
significance of 73rd and 74th Amendments; Grassroot movements.

6.  Statutory Institutions/Commissions:  Election Commission, Comptroller and
Auditor General, Finance Commission, Union Public Service Commission,
National Commission  for Scheduled Castes, National Commission  for
Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women; National Human Rights
Commission, National Commission for Minorities, National Backward Classes
Commission.
7.  Federalism: Constitutional  provisions;  changing  nature  of  centre-state
relations;  integrationist  tendencies  and  regional  aspirations;  inter-state
disputes.
8.  Planning and Economic Development : Nehruvian and Gandhian perspectives;
role of planning and public sector; Green Revolution, land reforms and agrarian
relations; liberalilzation and economic reforms.
9.  Caste, Religion and Ethnicity in Indian Politics.
10.  Party System: National and regional political parties, ideological and social
bases of parties; patterns of coalition politics; Pressure groups, trends in
electoral behaviour; changing socio- economic profile of Legislators.
11.  Social Movements: Civil liberties and human rights movements; women’s
movements; environmentalist movements.
PAPER – II
Comparative Politics and International Relations
Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics:
1.  Comparative Politics: Nature and major approaches; political economy and
political sociology perspectives; limitations of the comparative method.
2.  State in comparative perspective: Characteristics and changing nature of the
State in capitalist and socialist economies, and, advanced industrial and
developing societies.
3.  Politics of Representation and Participation: Political parties, pressure groups
and social movements in advanced industrial and developing societies.
 4.  Globalisation:  Responses from developed and developing societies.
5.  Approaches to the Study of International Relations: Idealist, Realist, Marxist,
Functionalist and Systems theory.
6.  Key concepts in International Relations: National interest, Security and power;
Balance of power and deterrence; Transnational actors and collective security;
World capitalist economy and globalisation.
7.  Changing International Political Order:
(a) Rise of super powers; strategic and ideological Bipolarity, arms race and Cold
War; nuclear threat;
(b) Nonaligned movement: Aims and achievements;
(c) Collapse of the Soviet Union; Unipolarity and American hegemony; relevance
of non-alignment in the contemporary world.

8.  Evolution of the International Economic System: From Brettonwoods to  WTO;
Socialist  economies  and  the CMEA  (Council  for Mutual  Economic
Assistance);  Third  World demand for new international economic order;
Globalisation of the world economy.
9.  United Nations: Envisaged role and actual record; specialized UN agenciesaims
 and functioning; need for UN reforms.
10.  Regionalisation of World Politics:  EU, ASEAN, APEC, SAARC, NAFTA.
11.  Contemporary Global Concerns:  Democracy, human rights, environment,
gender justice, terrorism, nuclear proliferation.
India and the World:
1.  Indian Foreign Policy: Determinants of foreign policy; institutions of policymaking;
 continuity and change.
2.  India’s Contribution to the Non-Alignment Movement: Different phases; current
role.
3. India and South Asia:
(a) Regional Co-operation: SAARC – past performance and future prospects.
(b) South Asia as a Free Trade Area.
(c) India’s “Look East” policy.
(d) Impediments to regional co-operation: river water disputes; illegal cross-border
migration; ethnic conflicts and insurgencies; border disputes.
4.  India and the Global South:  Relations with Africa and Latin America; leadership
role in the demand for NIEO and WTO negotiations.
5.  India and the Global Centres of Power:  USA, EU, Japan, China and Russia.
6.  India and the UN System: Role in UN Peace-keeping; demand for Permanent
Seat in the Security Council.
7. India and the Nuclear Question:  Changing perceptions and policy.
8.  Recent developments in Indian Foreign policy: India’s position on the recent
crisis in Afghanistan, Iraq and West Asia, growing relations with US and
Israel; vision of a new world order.